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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: December 20, 2021Category: Biology

Carbon and energy requirements of autotrophic organisms are fulfilled by the process of

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  1. Expert Verified
    CrazyMan Guru
    Added an answer on December 20, 2021 at 7:35 pm

    Autotrophic organisms are those that obtain their energy from the sun. These include plants and certain bacteria. Autotrophs use photosynthesis to create complex molecules from simple ones, such as carbon dioxide and water. In this way, they convert sunlight into usable chemical energy. They also reRead more

    Autotrophic organisms are those that obtain their energy from the sun. These include plants and certain bacteria.

    Autotrophs use photosynthesis to create complex molecules from simple ones, such as carbon dioxide and water. In this way, they convert sunlight into usable chemical energy. They also release oxygen and other gases.

    The carbon and energy requirements of autotrophic organisms are fulfilled by the process of photosynthesis. They require light, water, and carbon dioxide to produce organic materials (food).

    These organisms obtain carbon from the atmosphere in the form of CO2. Water is also needed for photosynthesis to occur.

    The autotrophs release oxygen as well as energy-rich molecules into their environment. Simple examples are plants such as mosses and algae.

    The energy-rich molecules produced during photosynthesis are used by autotrophs to capture the energy of sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds. The process is called photolysis.

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: December 20, 2021Category: Biology

In which part of a plant are mesophyll cells found?

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    CrazyMan Guru
    Added an answer on December 20, 2021 at 7:26 pm

    Mesophyll cells are found in the middle of a plant's leaves. Between these cells is a layer of tissue, known as intercellular air space, which contains stomata and chloroplasts. [adinserter block="7"] These cells are responsible for the process of photosynthesis. The main function of mesophyll cellsRead more

    Mesophyll cells are found in the middle of a plant’s leaves. Between these cells is a layer of tissue, known as intercellular air space, which contains stomata and chloroplasts.

    These cells are responsible for the process of photosynthesis. The main function of mesophyll cells in stomata is to absorb carbon dioxide.

    In plants, water is usually absorbed through the roots into the xylem tissue, where it travels upwards through numerous vessels known as tracheary elements and then enters intercellular air spaces in a process known as transpiration.

    The stomata release oxygen and produce carbon dioxide during this process. This process takes place in the mesophyll cells, which absorb both carbon dioxide and water through their cell walls.

    The stoma then releases oxygen into the atmosphere while absorbing carbon dioxide to use for photosynthesis.

    Mesophyll cells are unique because they contain chloroplasts, which means that they can conduct photosynthesis. These cells are responsible for the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

    And so, mesophyll cells are extremely important for the process of photosynthesis, which is a vital aspect of plant growth and development.

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: December 20, 2021Category: Biology

Deficiency of thiamine results in ___?

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  1. Expert Verified
    CrazyMan Guru
    Added an answer on December 20, 2021 at 7:14 pm

    Thiamine deficiency results in a disease called Beriberi. It is a rare disorder that results in brain damage. The condition occurs when the body does not have enough thiamine (vitamin B1), which plays an important role in metabolism and cell growth. [adinserter block="7"] There are several types ofRead more

    Thiamine deficiency results in a disease called Beriberi. It is a rare disorder that results in brain damage. The condition occurs when the body does not have enough thiamine (vitamin B1), which plays an important role in metabolism and cell growth.

    There are several types of thiamine deficiency, including beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and Korsakoff psychosis.

    Beriberi is a condition that is characterized by peripheral neuritis. The nervous system degeneration leads to a loss of feeling in the feet and legs, weakness in the arms and hands, difficulty walking on stairs or rising from a chair, leg cramps, hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), numbness or tingling in the arms, legs and face, confusion, memory loss or dementia.

    Thiamine Deficiency is also known as Beriberi. It affects 0.15% of the population and occurs following long-term, low intake of thiamine (Vitamin B1) or from an inadequate diet that does not have enough foods such as whole grains, legumes, pork, and liver.

    Other causes include alcoholism, poor intestinal absorption (due to gastric bypass surgery), and taking certain medications such as diuretics, birth control pills, or antibiotics.

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: December 20, 2021Category: Biology

Which of the following carries blood from the heart to the kidneys?

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  1. Expert Verified
    CrazyMan Guru
    Added an answer on December 20, 2021 at 6:56 pm

    The renal arteries are the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the kidneys. The right and left renal arteries each originate at their corresponding aortic arch, but they may have slightly different sizes or lengths depending on such factors as age. [adinserter block="7"] Each one then travelsRead more

    The renal arteries are the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the kidneys. The right and left renal arteries each originate at their corresponding aortic arch, but they may have slightly different sizes or lengths depending on such factors as age.

    Each one then travels down toward its respective kidney through an abdominal cavity called the retroperitoneal space.

    The renal artery is also known as the afferent arteriole which means that it carries blood into the nephron. The main role of these arteries is to provide oxygenated blood for filtration and excretion of waste products from the kidneys, via capillaries i.e. glomerulus.

    The renal artery is the main blood supply for each kidney, so it is essential for its survival. The arterial walls are very elastic and composed of smooth muscle to allow the kidneys to adjust their blood flow according to various conditions such as exertion or even dehydration.

    It also gives a secondary supply to the ureters. The renal arteries are small in size and have an average diameter of about 1 mm.

    They branch extensively into arterioles which then further branch into capillaries (endothelial cells) that lie within the glomerulus, from where it exchanges oxygenated blood and filtrate (urine) with the surrounding interstitium.

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Anonymous
Anonymous
Asked: October 18, 2021Category: Biology

What is Cytosol?

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  1. Expert Verified
    CrazyMan Guru
    Added an answer on October 18, 2021 at 8:43 pm

    DEFINITION: The cytosol is fluid that fills the cell and surrounds its organelles. The cytoplasm contains many enzymes, which are used for metabolism (chemical reactions in living organisms); it also contains ribosomes, which manufacture proteins through the translation of genetic information encodeRead more

    DEFINITION: The cytosol is fluid that fills the cell and surrounds its organelles. The cytoplasm contains many enzymes, which are used for metabolism (chemical reactions in living organisms); it also contains ribosomes, which manufacture proteins through the translation of genetic information encoded in messenger RNA molecules; cytoskeletal proteins, which provide structural support; and motor proteins such as kinesin (which moves organelles such as mitochondria along microtubules) and myosin (which functions in muscle contraction).

    History: Who discovered Cytosol?

    The term “cytosol” was introduced for the first time by Lardy in 1965. He coined this word after breaking cells apart and pelleting all insoluble components (like membranes) using the ultracentrifugation method. Later it was discovered that this soluble cell fraction contains more than 90% of proteins and is called a cytoplasmic fraction.

    What is Cytosol: Important Things To Note

    1. It is a fluid that fills the cell and surrounds its organelles.
    2. It contains many enzymes, which are used for metabolism (chemical reactions in living organisms).
    3. It also contains ribosomes, which manufacture proteins through the translation of genetic information encoded in messenger RNA molecules.
    4. It contains cytoskeletal proteins, which provide structural support; and motor proteins such as kinesin (which moves organelles such as mitochondria along microtubules) and myosin (which functions in muscle contraction).
    5. Cytosol is very important for the healthy cell cycle of any organism.
    6. It is a very important part of the cell, which helps in many processes during the life cycle of any organism.
    7. The main component of the cytosol is water and it almost makes up 70% of its content.
    8. It is very important in the process of energy metabolism in a cell, particularly when dealing with respiration and photosynthesis.
    9. The main role of this fluid is to carry out the transport of material from one organelle to another.
    10. Therefore, it also facilitates the process of cell division and mitosis that occurs in a cell during its life cycle.
    11. Cytosol is also responsible for the movement of other components within it, especially that of membrane-bound molecules.
    12. The cytosol also contains many other compounds such as lipids, sterols, and proteins which are not bound to membranes.

    General Composition of Cytosol

    The cytosol is a solution where all the components are dissolved in water. It consists of ions, small molecules and macromolecules like proteins and carbohydrates.

    “The main component of the cytosol is water which comprises about 70% of it.”

    This solution also contains many chemical substances like K+, Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+, and bicarbonate. Moreover, it contains some other molecules like protein kinase C and calmodulin which are responsible for maintaining the osmolarity of the cytosol.

    Cytosol Structure

    The cytosol of a cell contains the fibrous molecules that form the cytoskeleton structure. The cytoskeleton gives a cell its shape and is involved in enabling organelles to move within a cell. It also facilitates the movement of a cell itself.

    In addition, it has been estimated that more than 10,000 different kinds of molecules are involved in cellular biosynthesis (i.e., the process by which large molecules like proteins and DNA are synthesized from smaller ones).

    Cytosol is the liquid inside a cell. It has various substances dissolved in it. Some of these are calcium, oxygen and ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).

    The concentration of these substances can be affected by channels formed by protein complexes in the membrane and around organelles that affect their movement. Also, the channels formed by protein complexes can affect large particles from moving to other parts of the cytosol.

    Functions of Cytosol

    Cytosol has several functions including –

    1. It plays several functions within a cell.
    2. It helps in communication between the nucleus and cellular parts as well as organelles by providing signals to it.
    3. It also transports metabolites from one place to other places in a cell for its metabolism.
    4. It is required for cytokinesis, or cell division in plants and animals.
    5. It also performs essential functions in metabolism such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, protein biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathway in animal cells while plant cells produce fatty acids with the help of chloroplasts.

    Cytosol vs Cytoplasm: What is the difference?

    Cytosol is a term used in cell biology. Cytosol refers to the material that fills the space between organelles and nucleus of a cell. It contains dissolved ions, sugars, lipids and proteins which are suspended in water. The cytoplasm also extends around organelles within a cell. The nucleus of a cell is excluded from the cytosol. Cytosol is not the same as cytoplasm, although both are part of cell biology.

    Main differences between Cytosol and Cytoplasm are –

    1. Cytosol is a fluid that is present inside the cells of a plant or animal. On the other hand, cytoplasm refers to the material contained within the cell membrane of an organism.
    2. The cytosol is made of a lot of water dissolved in ions, large water soluble molecules and proteins. In contrast, the cytoplasm contains organic constituents like nucleic acids, enzymes, lipids, non-organic ions etc. It also has amino acids and carbohydrates which are lightweight molecular compounds.
    3. The metabolic activities of prokaryotes take place in the cytosol. The cytoplasm is mainly used for large scale cellular activities including cell division.

    FAQ

    What Does the cytosol contain?

    Cytosol mainly contains –

    • Water
    • Proteins
    • Small Molecules
    • Dissolved Ions

    This is what a Cytosol consists of. Cytosol is also made up of some large molecules that are non-protein with a molecular mass less than 300 Da (Dalton or Unified Atomic Mass Unit).

    What is the other name of Cytosol?

    Cytosol is also known by the names – Cytoplasmic Matrix and Groundplasm.

    Do humans have a Cytosol?

    Yes, human cells contain cytoplasm in which cytosol is a part.

    Which cells have a cytosol?

    Both Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic cells have a cytosol. So, plant cells, animal cells, and bacteria cells consist of cytosol.

    What does cytosol look like?

    Cytosol looks like a jelly-like fluid and its structure (cytoskeleton) looks like an organized framework of fibrous molecules.

    Does Cytosol contain mitochondria?

    No, Cytosol doesn’t contain mitochondria. Mitochondria & its contents are part of the Cytoplasm.

    Do prokaryotes have cytosol?

    Yes, prokaryotic cells (Bacteria Cells) have Cytosol.

    Are proteins made in cytosol?

    Proteins are made in Ribosomes which are a part of the cytosol. Ribosomes are cellular components that synthesize proteins. Each cell has many ribosomes, and the number of ribosomes present in a particular cell depends on its activity level with regards to protein synthesis.

    Are ribosomes suspended in the cytosol?

    Yes, some ribosomes called free ribosomes are suspended in the Cytosol. Proteins are the basic building blocks of every living cell. Ribosomes, which are tiny organelles, make proteins.

    Free ribosomes make proteins that will be used in the cytosol (the watery part inside cells). Bound ribosomes on the other hand attach themselves to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum (a membrane-bound part of the cell that helps in processing materials).

    What are unattached ribosomes in the cytosol called?

    Unattached ribosomes in Cytosol are generally called Free Ribosomes. On the other hand, the ribosomes that are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum are known as Bound Ribosomes.

    Is cytosol and Hyaloplasm the same?

    No, they are not the same. Hyaloplasm refers to just the name of the liquid of the Cytosol whereas Cytosol is the whole jelly-like fluid with water, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton of the cell.

    How much cytosol is in a cell?

    Cytosol makes up almost 70% of a cell.

    What does cytoplasm have that cytosol lacks?

    Cytosol lacks the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum which are present in the Cytoplasm of a cell.

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aalan
Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: October 11, 2021Category: Biology

13 – Chambered heart occurs in

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  1. Mighty Ashish Guru
    Added an answer on October 11, 2021 at 1:36 am

    Explanation: 13 - Chambered heart occurs in (D) Cockroach. The heart is tube shaped and even if it stops the insect doesn't die as it has thirteen chambers unlike in humans who have four chambers in the heart.

    Explanation:

    13 – Chambered heart occurs in (D) Cockroach. The heart is tube shaped and even if it stops the insect doesn’t die as it has thirteen chambers unlike in humans who have four chambers in the heart.

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: October 11, 2021Category: Biology

The energy released by 1 gram of glucose is

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  1. Mighty Ashish Guru
    Added an answer on October 11, 2021 at 1:34 am

    Explanation: The energy released by 1 gram of glucose is 4 kcal. All three provide energy (measured in calories), but the amount of energy in 1 gram (1/28 ounce) differs: 4 calories in a gram of carbohydrate or protein. 

    Explanation:

    The energy released by 1 gram of glucose is 4 kcal. All three provide energy (measured in calories), but the amount of energy in 1 gram (1/28 ounce) differs: 4 calories in a gram of carbohydrate or protein. 

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: October 11, 2021Category: Biology

Animal without red blood cells

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  1. Mighty Ashish Guru
    Added an answer on October 11, 2021 at 1:32 am

    Explanation: The blood of earthworm is red coloured due to presence of a respiratory pigment haemoglobin, it is not contained in the corpuscles like vertebrates but is found dissolved in the plasma. So, the correct option is 'Earthworm'.

    Explanation:

    The blood of earthworm is red coloured due to presence of a respiratory pigment haemoglobin, it is not contained in the corpuscles like vertebrates but is found dissolved in the plasma.

    So, the correct option is ‘Earthworm’.

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: October 11, 2021Category: Biology

Who is known as father of Zoology

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  1. Mighty Ashish Guru
    Added an answer on October 11, 2021 at 1:30 am

    Explanation: Aristotle is considered the father of zoology because of his major contributions to zoology which include a huge amount of information regarding the variety, structure, behaviour of animals, the analysis of the different parts of living organisms and the beginnings of the science of taxRead more

    Explanation:

    Aristotle is considered the father of zoology because of his major contributions to zoology which include a huge amount of information regarding the variety, structure, behaviour of animals, the analysis of the different parts of living organisms and the beginnings of the science of taxonomy.

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: October 11, 2021Category: Biology

Spermology is the study of

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  1. Mighty Ashish Guru
    Added an answer on October 11, 2021 at 1:29 am

    Explanation: In botany, the investigation of different types of plant seeds is known as Spermology. It encompasses the study of seed morphology, characteristics and their complex interactions with the environment. Spermology studies help to understand the growth, development, culture and sustainabilRead more

    Explanation:

    In botany, the investigation of different types of plant seeds is known as Spermology. It encompasses the study of seed morphology, characteristics and their complex interactions with the environment.

    Spermology studies help to understand the growth, development, culture and sustainability of plants. Identifying seed features also allows categorizing different plant types, their geographical distribution and mode of pollination

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